题库

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text?

 A.A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came a···

题库 2024-12-16

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to ——

 A.give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdepe···

题库 2024-12-16

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic. Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of Bailyn's fourth proposition?

 A.It is totally implausible B.It is partially acceptable ···

题库 2024-12-16

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn's work?

 A.Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North Am···

题库 2024-12-16

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community. For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true,as Bailyn claims,that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England,where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university,and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However,the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution,he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began,among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic. According to the text,Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England?

 A.High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of En···

题库 2024-12-16

A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so-called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. What does the passage say about the Kepler space telescope?

 A.The telescope changes its measures every minute B.computer ···

题库 2024-12-16

A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so-called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is TRUE?

 A.A planet very similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting the ···

题库 2024-12-16

A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so-called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies an dactive volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. According to paragraph 4, Kepler 452b ——

 A.is very likely to be rocky B.has a very slim chance of bein···

题库 2024-12-16

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha-experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to?

 A.Speed up of the crcation of a solution to a problem B.Ident···

题库 2024-12-16

A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star，bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older. “In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit.At that distancc,surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars'so-called"habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learm if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy. “This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star,"”said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky."Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so,Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies an dactive volcanoes, Jenkin said. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins,none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow- up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's linc of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld. It can be inferred from the passage that ——

 A.of all the stars discovered so far, Kepler-452b is the most simi···

题库 2024-12-16

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha-experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis ?

 A.Manager X analyzes first and then acts:Manager Y does not B···

题库 2024-12-16

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision，and only then taking action to implement the decision.Rather，in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg 's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers'intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways.First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture,often in an Aha-experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools,and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally，managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way，intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is in extricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles，in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting,but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?

 A.They have criticized managers for not following the classical ra···

题库 2024-12-16

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